Learn Phoneme to Grapheme Complete
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1. Say the word and break it into phonemes
2. Write the letter or letters (graphemes) that correspond to the phonemes
Let's start with the words stick, stack
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| Consonants | |
|---|---|
| Phoneme | Graphemes |
| /b/ | b, bb |
| /d/ | d, dd, ed |
| /f/ | f, ff, ph |
| /g/ | g, gg, gh |
| /h/ | h, wh |
| /j/ | j, ge, g, dge |
| /k/ | k, c, ch, cc, q, ck, x |
| /l/ | l, ll |
| /m/ | m, mm, mb |
| /n/ | n, nn, kn, gn |
| /p/ | p, pp |
| /r/ | r, rr, wr |
| /s/ | s, ss, c, sc |
| /t/ | t, tt, ed |
| /v/ | v, f, ve |
| /w/ | w, wh, u |
| /y/ | y, i |
| /z/ | z, zz, s, ss, se |
| Other Consonants | |
|---|---|
| Phoneme | Graphemes |
| /zh/ | s, si, g |
| /ch/ | ch, tch |
| /sh/ | sh, s, ss, ti, ch |
| /th/ unvoiced |
th |
| /ṯẖ/ voiced |
th |
| /ng/ | n, ng |
| Short Vowels | |
|---|---|
| Phoneme | Graphemes |
| /a/ | a |
| /e/ | e |
| /i/ | i, y |
| /o/ | o, aw, a, au, augh, ough |
| /u/ | u, o |
| Long Vowels | |
|---|---|
| Phoneme | Graphemes |
| /ā/ | a, ai, ay, a_e, eigh |
| /ē/ | e, ee, ea, ey, i, y |
| /ī/ | i, y, igh, ie, i_e, eigh |
| /ō/ | o, oa, o_e, oe, ow, ough |
| /ū/ | u, o, oo, ew, ue, u_e, ough |
| R Controlled Vowels | |
|---|---|
| Phoneme | Graphemes |
| /er/ | ir, er, ur, ear, or |
| Other Vowels | |
|---|---|
| Phoneme | Graphemes |
| /oo/ | oo, u, oul |
| /oy/ | oi, oy |
| /ow/ | ow, ou, ou_e |
| /ə/ | a, e, i, o, u, y, le |
| Closed | Short vowel sound. Vowel is closed in by one or more consonants | /r//e//d/ r e d |
| Open | Long vowel sound. Vowel is at the end of a syllable | /h//ā//l//ō/ h a l o |
| Magic E (VCE) | E is silent. Long vowel sound | /g//ā//m/ g a m e |
| Vowel team / Diphthong | 2 or more vowels that make one long, short or diphthong sound | /r//ē//d/ r ea d |
| R controlled Vowel | Any vowel followed by an R | /k//ar//r//t/ c a r t |
| Consonant + LE | Used at the end of words. E is silent | /a//p//ə//l/ a pp l e |